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Category 11

Structured & alternative-income investments

Engineered income: contracts, pooled credit and cash flows packaged into a security.

Mechanism: Interest from lending You lend money and are paid interest for the use of it.

Read this first
Complexity, illiquidity and counterparty credit are the real risks in this category, and the stated yield is the least of it. Most of these instruments are contracts rather than markets: the payoff is defined by documents, the value between now and maturity is a model output rather than a price, and the exit is whatever the paperwork allows. Read the structure before the rate.

Everything in this category is paid the same way, so what separates one page from the next is the wrapper rather than where the money comes from: how much it takes to start, how quickly you could turn it back into cash, who does the work, how it is taxed, and how it fails. The line on each card says whether the income keeps arriving once it is set up or whether somebody has to keep working for it. If the mechanism itself is new to you, the course spends a whole lesson on it and is a shorter way in than any single page here.

Structured Notes

A bank's unsecured note whose payoff is set by a formula on an index or a stock, so the coupon comes from selling optionality rather than from a straight interest rate.

Truly passive · Poor. No exchange listing, and the only regular bid is the issuer's own discretionary secondary market Read →

Market-Linked Notes

A note or bank CD whose return is calculated from an index rather than a fixed rate, usually with principal repaid at maturity and the upside scaled by a participation rate or a cap.

Truly passive · Designed to be held to maturity; the exit is a discretionary issuer bid or a thin dealer market at a markdown Read →

Convertible Bonds

A corporate bond that pays a coupon and can be exchanged for a fixed number of the issuer's shares, so the buyer accepts a lower rate in return for equity upside.

Truly passive · Over-the-counter and highly issue-dependent; funds and ETFs trade daily Read →

Preferred Equity (Private)

A private position above the common equity and below the debt, paid a stated preferred return before the sponsor earns anything. This is not the exchange-listed preferred share.

Truly passive · Effectively none until a sale, a refinancing or a contractual redemption Read →

Mezzanine Debt

A subordinated loan sitting between the senior lender and the equity, priced high because it is repaid last and usually secured by a pledge of ownership interests rather than the asset itself.

Truly passive · None until repayment, refinancing or the fund's own redemption terms allow it Read →

Equipment-Finance Funds

A pooled fund that buys business equipment and leases or finances it to operators, distributing the rentals and loan payments while the equipment depreciates toward a residual value.

Truly passive · Very poor in non-traded funds; capital returns as the portfolio runs off over a multi-year wind-down Read →

Litigation-Finance Funds

A fund that pays a claimant's legal costs in exchange for a share of any award or settlement, and receives nothing at all if the case is lost.

Truly passive · Locked for the fund's life; positions resolve on the court's timetable, not the investor's Read →

Insurance-Linked Securities

Investments whose payout depends on whether an insured event happens: the investor is paid a spread for taking insurance risk and loses principal when losses breach the trigger.

Truly passive · Committed for the risk period; collateral can be trapped after an event and side pockets are common Read →

Catastrophe Bonds

A tradable note issued by a special-purpose insurer that pays a floating coupon and returns principal only if a defined natural catastrophe does not breach its trigger.

Truly passive · The most tradable insurance-linked instrument, but the market thins around events and maturity can be extended after one Read →

Trade-Finance Funds

A fund that finances goods moving between buyer and seller, making short self-liquidating loans that are repaid when the shipment is delivered and paid for.

Truly passive · Monthly or quarterly with notice in most funds, backed by short asset maturities rather than by a market; gates and suspensions are real Read →

Receivables Factoring

Buying a business's unpaid invoices at a discount and collecting the full amount from its customers, so the return is the discount rather than an interest rate.

Semi-passive · The underlying invoices turn over in weeks, but fund redemptions carry notice periods and a direct operation is a business rather than a position Read →

Invoice Financing

Lending against a business's unpaid invoices rather than buying them: the borrower keeps ownership, collects from its customers, and repays the advance with interest.

Semi-passive · Short revolving assets, but fund exits carry notice periods and gates and direct notes have no secondary market Read →

Music and Pharmaceutical Royalty Funds

Funds that buy the right to receive future royalty payments from song catalogues or approved drugs, then distribute the collections to investors.

Truly passive · Closed-end fund lives of several years; listed vehicles trade daily and fractional platforms have thin secondary markets Read →

Life-Settlement Funds

A fund that buys existing life insurance policies from their owners, keeps paying the premiums, and collects the death benefit when the insured dies.

Truly passive · Very poor. Capital returns only as policies mature, on a schedule nobody controls Read →

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