Income Calculators

Portfolio income

Enter each holding's share count, price and yield. The tool multiplies shares by price to get the position value, applies the yield to that value to get annual income, divides by twelve for a monthly average, and divides total income by total value for the blended yield. It ignores tax withholding, foreign withholding, fund expense ratios already netted out of a quoted yield, the difference between trailing and forward yield, and the fact that most payers distribute quarterly rather than monthly.

Yield is annual income divided by price. A $50 share paying $2 a year yields 4%. Blended yield is not the average of the yields — it is weighted by how much money sits in each holding, so a large low-yield position pulls the total down more than a small high-yield one lifts it.

An arithmetic illustration of the numbers you entered — not a projection, a valuation, or a promise of income. Distributions can be cut or suspended at any time. Related: dividend-paying common stocks, dividend ETFs, the dividend screener.

CD and Treasury ladder

A ladder splits capital into equal rungs that mature at staggered dates, so a piece comes due at a regular interval and can be spent or rolled into a new longest rung. This tool divides your capital evenly, schedules each rung's maturity, applies a rate per rung, and reports simple interest to maturity plus the capital-weighted blended yield. It uses simple interest and ignores compounding conventions, early-withdrawal penalties, the bank's actual day-count, reinvestment of interest, state tax treatment, and any minimum-deposit rule.

The point of a ladder is not a higher rate — it is that you never have to choose between locking money up and having it available. One rung is always close to maturing.

Data as of Aug 21, 2026.

An arithmetic illustration, not a projection or a promise. Rates shown are national averages or published market yields, not offers — the rate you are quoted will differ, so overwrite any rung. Bank CDs are insured to FDIC limits per depositor, per institution, per ownership category; Treasuries are obligations of the US government but their market value still moves before maturity. Related: certificates of deposit, Treasury bills, notes and bonds, current cash rates.

Taxable-equivalent yield

Municipal bond interest is generally exempt from federal income tax, and often from state tax for residents of the issuing state. That makes a muni's stated yield look low next to a corporate bond until you adjust for tax. This tool converts a tax-free yield into the pre-tax yield a taxable bond would need to leave you with the same money. It uses a single marginal rate and ignores the alternative minimum tax on private-activity bonds, the de minimis rule on discount bonds, capital gains on a bond bought below par, the effect of tax-exempt interest on Social Security taxation and Medicare premiums, and the deductibility of state tax against federal.

Taxable-equivalent yield = tax-free yield ÷ (1 − combined marginal tax rate)

Marginal rate means the rate on your next dollar of income, not the average rate you pay across all your income. A 24% bracket does not mean 24% of everything you earn.

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An arithmetic illustration of a stated formula, not tax advice and not a projection. US federal and state rules only, and only for interest — brackets, thresholds and state treatment change. Confirm your own marginal rate with a tax professional. Related: municipal bonds, corporate bonds, the bonds section.

Covered-call income

Selling a call against shares you already own credits a premium immediately and gives away any gain above the strike. This tool works out how many contracts your share count actually covers (one contract per 100 shares), the premium collected, that premium as a percentage of your cost, the same figure scaled to a year as if the trade repeated, your total return if the shares are called away at the strike, and the price at which the premium stops covering a loss. It ignores commissions and assignment fees, dividends received or lost through early assignment, margin and tax treatment, bid-ask spread, and the fact that premiums move with implied volatility.

One option contract covers 100 shares. If you own 250 shares you can cover two contracts; the remaining 50 shares are not part of the trade.

The annualised figure assumes you could sell the same premium, at the same distance from the strike, for a full year. Nothing guarantees that; option premiums rise and fall with volatility, and the periods when premiums are richest are the periods when the shares are moving most. Treat it as a comparison unit for expiries of different lengths, not as an income rate.

An arithmetic illustration of one hypothetical position, not a projection, a recommendation, or a promise of premium. Related: covered calls, cash-secured puts, covered-call funds, options income.

Cap rate and cash-on-cash

Cap rate measures the property's own income against its price, ignoring how it is financed. Cash-on-cash measures the cash left after the mortgage against the cash you actually put in. This tool takes gross rent down to effective gross income through a vacancy allowance, subtracts operating expenses to get net operating income, divides by price for the cap rate, amortises the loan to get annual debt service, and reports the leftover cash flow and its return on your equity. It ignores closing costs, capital expenditure reserves, loan fees and points, balloon terms, depreciation, income tax, appreciation and any change in rent or expenses over time.

Operating expenses means taxes, insurance, management, maintenance, utilities you pay and reserves — everything except the mortgage. Debt service is deliberately outside NOI so two properties can be compared regardless of how each was financed.

An arithmetic illustration of the figures you entered, not an appraisal, an underwriting, or a projection. Related: commercial real estate, single-family rentals, triple-net lease properties, the CRE section.

Internal rate of return

IRR is the single annual rate that makes the present value of a set of cash flows equal zero — the rate at which the money coming back exactly justifies the money going out. Enter what you paid up front and what comes back at the end of each year, including any final sale or wind-up proceeds in the last year you use. The solver narrows the rate by bisection over 300 steps. It assumes every flow arrives exactly at year end, ignores tax, fees and inflation, and says nothing about risk.

IRR is a rate, not an amount. A 20% IRR on $1,000 held one year and a 20% IRR on $1,000 held ten years are very different sums of money, which is why the total multiple is shown beside it.

Some cash-flow patterns have no IRR at all, and a pattern that changes sign more than once can have several. When that happens this tool says so rather than returning a number that looks authoritative and is not.

An arithmetic illustration of the cash flows you entered, not a projection and not evidence that any deal will produce them. Related: real estate syndications, private credit funds, private and real assets.

Reinvestment and dividend growth

This tool compounds a constant yield and a constant dividend growth rate over a horizon, with the option to reinvest each year's distributions or take them as cash. It reports the income in the year after the horizon ends, the ending value, and the ending income as a percentage of your original capital. It assumes the price never changes, the yield never changes, growth is identical every single year, distributions are never cut, and there is no tax, no commission and no expense ratio. Real income streams do none of those things.

Yield on original cost is what the income has grown to relative to what you first paid. It rises even when the current yield is flat, because the dividend grew while your cost did not. It is a bookkeeping fact about your position, not a market rate.

This is compound arithmetic on assumptions you chose, not a projection, a forecast, or a promise. It assumes constant growth and ignores tax and price changes; a single dividend cut, or a price that falls while you reinvest, changes the answer completely. Related: dividend-growth stocks, dividend-paying common stocks, closed-end funds.